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Normas em sistemas multi-agentes so usadas como um mecanismo para regular o comportamento de agentes autnomos e heterogneos e para manter a ordem na sociedade de agentes. Elas prescrevem como os agentes idealmente deveriam se comportar. As normas definem aes que devem ser executadas (obrigaes), aes que podem ser executadas (permisses), e aes que no podem ser executas (proibies) por determinada entidade em certa situao. Um dos desafios no projeto e gerenciamento de sistemas governados por normas garantir que as normas especificadas no estejam em conflito. Duas normas esto em conflito quando o cumprimento de uma causa a violao da outra, e vice-versa. Tais conflitos fazem com que o agente obediente s normas fique paralisado: no importa o que ele faa (ou deixe de fazer), ele ir violar uma das normas, ou seja, ir provocar a quebra de uma restrio social. Existem vrios trabalhos na literatura que lidam com os conflitos entre normas em sistemas multi-agentes. Porm, existe uma categoria de conflitos, no investigado ainda na fase de design, que somente podem ser detectados se soubermos de alguma informao sobre a execuo do sistema multi-agentes. Tais conflitos so chamados aqui de Potenciais Conflitos Normativos (PCN). Potenciais Conflitos Normativos so conflitos entre normas que podem acontecer durante a execuo dos sistemas multi-agentes, dependendo da ordem de execuo dos eventos do sistema. Este trabalho apresenta duas abordagens baseadas em cenrios de execuo para detectar Potenciais Conflitos Normativos em sistemas multi-agentes. Na primeira abordagem, o designer fornece ao sistema normativo um conjunto de normas e possveis exemplos de cenrios de execuo do sistema. Como sada, o sistema normativo retorna os conflitos normativos que aconteceriam caso tais cenrios fossem executados no sistema multi-agentes. Na segunda abordagem, o designer do sistema fornece somente um conjunto de normas e o sistema normativo gera os cenrios de execuo que causariam os conflitos normativos caso tais cenrios aconteam no sistema multi-agentes. Ambas as abordagens fazem a deteco do conflito entre pares de normas.
Palavras-chave: Normas, Conflito normativo, Sistemas multi-agentes, OWL, SWRL
Abstract
Norms in multi-agent systems are used as a mechanism to regulate the behavior of autonomous and heterogeneous agents and to maintain the social order of the society of agents. They prescribe how agents should ideally behave. Norms describe actions that must be performed (obligations), actions that can be performed (permissions) and actions that cannot be performed (prohibitions) by a given entity in a certain situation. One of the challenges in designing and managing systems governed by norms is to deal with normative conflicts. Two norms are in conflict when the fulfillment of one causes the violation of the other, and vice-versa. Such conflicts make the norm-compliant agent "paralyzed", i.e., whatever the agent does (or refrains from doing) will lead to a social constraint being broken. Several researches have been proposed mechanisms to detect conflicts between norms. However, there is a category of normative conflicts not investigated yet in the design phase that can only be detected if we know information about the runtime execution of the system. Such conflicts are called here Potential Normative Conflicts (PNC). Potential Normative Conflicts are normative conflicts that may happen during the multi-agent system execution depending on execution order of runtime events of the system. This work presents two approaches, based on execution scenarios, to detect Potential Normative Conflicts in multi-agent systems. In the first approach, the system designer provides a set of norms and possible examples of system execution scenarios. As output, the normative system returns normative conflicts that would happen if such scenarios were executed in the multi-agent system. In the second approach, the system designer provides only a set of norms and the normative system generates the execution scenarios that would cause normative conflicts if such scenarios would be executed in the system. Both approaches detect normative conflicts between pair of norms.
Keywords: Norms, Normative conflict, Multi-agent systems, OWL, SWRL
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